Cross-border trade in electricity

Informal cross - border trade and smuggling in Africa

The low level and discrepancies of recorded intraAfrican trade flows have been noted for at least 30 years (Berg 1985; Yeats 1990). This situation has continued or even expanded despite structural adjustment programs involving trade liberalization and extensive integration schemes aiming to promote formal integration. There are some 30 regional blocs in Africa, and on average each of the 53 cou...

Electronic Distribution and cross-border trade in Insurance Service

communication. Later on electronic connections have been established to other financial institutions and to major business customers. The SWIFT network managing international payment transactions established in 1973, is an early example of this. A major barrier towards development of a full digital circuit, which includes all steps in production and distribution, has been the lack of an extensi...

Sri Lanka Energy Supply Status and Cross Border Energy Trade

Energy supply in Sri Lanka is mainly based on three primary sources, namely hydroelectricity, biomass and petroleum. The supply from each of these sources is such that 11percent is attributable to hydroelectricity, 55 percent to biomass and 34 percent to petroleum oil products. Fuel-wood and other biomass such as coconut residues, paddy husks and sawdust are largely used for domestic cooking ac...

N ° 2008 - 53 Trade in services : cross - border trade vs commercial presence

One of the main characteristics of trade in services is that a limited number of services can be traded across the border. In fact, a larger number of services require physical contact between consumers and producers in order to allow the transaction to occur. In this respect, trade in services has been classified by four modes of supply: Mode 1, cross-border trade; Mode 2 , consumption abroad;...

Free Trade at Border